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Secondary articulation occurs when the articulation of a consonant is equivalent to the combined articulations of two or three simpler consonants, at least one of which is an approximant. The secondary articulation of such co-articulated consonants is the approximant-like articulation. It "colors" the primary articulation rather than obscuring it. Maledo (2011) defines secondary articulation as the superimposition of lesser stricture upon a primary articulation. For example, the voiceless labialized velar plosive has a stop articulation, velar , with a simultaneous -like rounding of the lips. This is in contrast to the doubly articulated labial-velar consonant , which is articulated with two overlapping stop articulations. There are a number of secondary articulations. The most frequently encountered are labialization (as with ), palatalization (as with the Russian "soft" consonant ), labio-palatalization (as in the name ''Twi''), velarization (as with the English "dark" L ), and pharyngealization (as with the Arabic "emphatic" consonant ). It can be difficult to distinguish primary and secondary articulation. For example, the alveolo-palatal consonants are sometimes characterized as a primary articulation of their own and sometimes as palatalization of postalveolar fricatives, or . ==Transcription== The most common method of transcription in the IPA is to turn the letter corresponding to the secondary articulation into a superscript written ''after'' the letter for the primary articulation. For example, the ''w'' in is written after the ''k''. This can be misleading, as it iconically suggests that the () is released into a () sound, when actually the two articulations are often pronounced more-or-less simultaneously. Secondary articulation often has a strong effect on surrounding vowels, and may have an audible realization that precedes the primary consonant, or both precedes and follows it. For example, will not generally sound simply like , but may be closer to or even . For this reason, the IPA symbols for labialization and palatalization were for a time placed under the primary (e.g. for and for ), and a number of phoneticians prefer such unambiguous usage (with and only used for off-glides) despite the official policy of the IPA. In the official IPA there remains an alternate symbol for velarization/pharyngealizaton that is superposed over the primary (e.g. for dark L), but it has font support for a limited number of consonants and is inadvisable for others, where it can be illegible. There is a longstanding tradition in the IPA that one may turn ''any'' IPA letter into a superscript, and in so doing impart its features to the base consonant. For instance, would be an articulation of that has qualities of .〔This example was given in IPA charts from 1932 to 1989.〕 However, the features are not necessarily imparted as secondary articulation. Superscripts are also used iconically to indicate the onset or release of a consonant, the on-glide or off-glide of a vowel, and fleeting or weak segments. Among other things, these phenomena include prenasalization (), prestopping (), affrication (), pre-affrication (), trilled, fricative, nasal, and lateral release (), roticization (), and diphthongs (). So, while indicates velarization of non-velar consonants, it is also used for fricative release of the velar stop (). Mixed consonant-vowels may indicate a transition: may be the allophone of with the transition from that identifies the consonant, while may be the allophone of before , or the formants of anticipated in the . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Secondary articulation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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